Publications


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Papers Under Review


    2025
  1. Constrained Optimization-Based Neuro-Adaptive Control (CONAC) for Euler-Lagrange Systems Under Weight and Input Constraints
    Myeongseok Ryu, Donghwa Hong, Kyunghwan Choi*
    IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 2025 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text] [GitHub logo Code]
  2. Using Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Gain Adjustment of a Disturbance Observer
    Hyochan Lee, Kyunghwan Choi*, Wooyong Kim*
    International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS) , 2025 [🌐 Preprint] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  3. Integral Error-Based Adaptive Neural Identifier for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems
    Donghwa Hong, Kyunghwan Choi*
    International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), 2025 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]

International Journal Papers


    2025
  1. Development of a Real-time Link-Based Predictive Energy Management Strategy for Extending FCEV Lifespan Using an Experiment-driven Degradation Model
    Geunyoung Park, Kyunghwan Choi, Minjun Kim, EunAe Cho, Kyungsub Sung, Dongsuk Kum*
    Applied Energy, vol. 397, no. 16, 2025 [🌐 Online]
  2. Predictive Control of a Dog-Clutch Transmission via a Transformer-Based Velocity Prediction
    Geunyoung Park, Kyunghwan Choi, Dongsuk Kum*
    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 7430-7443, 2025 [🌐 Online]
  3. Cooperative Merging in Mixed Traffic Based on Strategic Influence of Connected Automated Vehicles on Human-Driven Vehicle Behavior
    Kyunghwan Choi*, Seongjae Shin, Minseok Seo
    Advanced Intelligent Systems, pp. 2400797, 2025 [🌐 Online]

    4. 2024
  4. Generalized Model Predictive Torque Control of Synchronous Machine
    Kyunghwan Choi, Jongseok Kim, Ki-Bum Park*
    IEEE/ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS, pp. 1-11, 2024 [🌐 Online]
  5. An Analytical Approach to the Predictive Energy Management of Connected HEVs: What Information Do We Need to Guarantee Global Optimality?
    Kyunghwan Choi, Jongseok Kim, Ki-Bum Park*
    IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 12749-12761, 2024 [🌐 Online]

    6. 2023
  6. A Current Sensor Fault-detecting Method for Onboard Battery Management Systems of Electric Vehicles Based on Disturbance Observer and Normalized Residuals
    Wooyong Kim, Kunwoo Na, Kyunghwan Choi*
    International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 3563-3573, 2023 [🌐 Online]
  7. Chattering Reduction of Sliding Mode Control via Nonlinear Disturbance Observer for Anti-lock Braking System and Verification with Carsim Simulation
    Minseong Choi, Kyunghwan Choi, Minsu Cho, Minyoung Lee, Kyung-Soo Kim*
    International Journal of Automotive Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1141–1149, 2023 [🌐 Online]

    8. 2022
  8. Real-Time Predictive Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based on the Control-Oriented Battery Model
    Kyunghwan Choi, Wooyong Kim*
    IEEE Control Systems Letters, vol. 7, pp. 943-948, 2022 [🌐 Online]
  9. Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS) for the HEVs With a Near-Optimal Equivalent Factor Considering Driving Conditions
    Kyunghwan Choi, Jihye Byun, Sangmin Lee, In Gwun Jang*
    IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 2538-2549, 2022 [🌐 Online]
  10. Computationally Efficient Model Predictive Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Using Numerical Techniques
    Kyunghwan Choi, Yonghun Kim, Seok-Kyoon Kim*, Kyung-Soo Kim*
    IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1774-1781, 2022 [🌐 Online]
  11. Model-Predictive-Control-Based Time-Optimal Trajectory Planning of the Distributed Actuation Mechanism Augmented by the Maximum Performance Evaluation
    Jong Ho Kim, Kyunghwan Choi, Gwun Jang*
    applied science, vol. 11, 2022 [🌐 Online]
  12. Current Sensorless State of Charge Estimation Approach for Onboard Battery Systems with an Unknown Current Estimator
    Wooyong Kim, Kyunghwan Choi*
    Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 52, 2022 [🌐 Online]

    13. 2021
  13. Model-Predictive-Control-Based Time-Optimal Trajectory Planning of the Distributed Actuation Mechanism Augmented by the Maximum Performance Evaluation
    Jong Ho Kim, Kyunghwan Choi, In Gwun Jang*
    Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 16, 2021 [🌐 Online]
  14. Effects Analysis of Light-duty Diesel Truck Hybrid Conversion Depending on Driving Style
    Jihye Byun, Kyunghwan Choi*
    Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 97, pp. 102958, 2021 [🌐 Online]
  15. Real-Time Optimal Torque Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on a Numerical Optimization Technique
    Kyunghwan Choi, Yonghun Kim, Seok-Kyoon Kim*, Kyung-Soo Kim*
    IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1815-1822, 2021 [🌐 Online]
  16. Current and Position Sensor Fault Diagnosis Algorithm for PMSM Drives Based on Robust State Observer
    Kyunghwan Choi, Yonghun Kim, Seok-Kyoon Kim*, Kyung-Soo Kim*
    IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics , vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 5227 - 5236, 2021 [🌐 Online]

    17. 2020
  17. Auto-calibration of Position Offset for PMSM Drives with Uncertain Parameters
    Kyunghwan Choi, Yonghun Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim, Seok-Kyoon Kim*
    Electronics Letters, vol. 56, no. 20, pp. 1048-1051, 2020 [🌐 Online]
  18. Disturbance Observer-Based Offset-Free Global Tracking Control for Input-Constrained LTI Systems with DC/DC Buck Converter Applications
    Kyunghwan Choi, Dong Soo Kim, Seok-Kyoon Kim*
    Energies, vol. 13, no. 16, pp. 4079, 2020 [🌐 Online]

    19. 2019
  19. Output Voltage Tracking Controller Embedding Auto-tuning Algorithm for DC/DC Boost Converters
    Kyunghwan Choi, Yonghun Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim*, Seok-Kyoon Kim*
    IET Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 14, pp. 3767-3773, 2019 [🌐 Online]
  20. A Disturbance Observer Based Approach to Current Control of PMSM Drives for Torque Ripple Reduction
    Yonghun Kim, Kyunghwan Choi, Seok-Kyoon Kim*, Kyung-Soo Kim*
    International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)-PapersOnLine, vol. 52, pp. 206–209, 2019 [🌐 Online]
  21. Proportional-Type Sensor Fault Diagnosis Algorithm for DC/DC Boost Converters Based on Disturbance Observer
    Kyunghwan Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim*, Seok-Kyoon Kim*
    Energies, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1412, 2019 [🌐 Online]
  22. Using the Stator Current Ripple Model for Real-time Estimation of Full Parameters of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
    Kyunghwan Choi, Yonghun Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim*, Seok-Kyoon Kim*
    IEEE Access, vol. vol. 7, pp. 33369-33379, 2019 [🌐 Online]

    23. 2017
  23. Mixed-Modality Stimulation to Evoke Two Modalities Simultaneously in One Channel for Electrocutaneous Sensory Feedback
    Kyunghwan Choi, Pyungkang Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim*, Soohyun Kim*
    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 52, pp. 2258-2269, 2017 [🌐 Online]

International Conference Papers


    2025
  1. Physics-Informed Online Learning of Flux Linkage Model for Synchronous Machine
    Seunghun Jang, Myeongseok Ryu, Kyunghwan Choi*
    IEEE IECON(accepted, in press), 2025 [🌐 Preprint] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text] [GitHub logo Code]
  2. Online Actor Critic Learning for Optimal Tracking in Servo Positioning Systems
    Hyochan Lee, Kyunghwan Choi*
    IEEE IECON(accepted, in press), 2025 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  3. LMI-based Neural Network Observer for State and Nonlinearity Estimation
    Yeongho Jeong, Kyunghwan Choi*
    IEEE IECON(accepted, in press), 2025 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  4. Constrained Optimization-Based Neuro-Adaptive Control (CONAC) for Synchronous Machine Drives Under Voltage Constraints
    Myeongseok Ryu, Niklas Monzen, Pascal Seitter, Kyunghwan Choi, Christoph M. Hackl*
    IEEE IECON(accepted, in press), 2025 [🌐 Preprint] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text] [GitHub logo Code]
  5. Imposing a Weight Norm Constraint for Neuro-Adaptive Control
    Myeongseok Ryu, Jiyun Kim, Kyunghwan Choi*
    European Control Conference (ECC)(accepted, in press), pp. 380-385, 2025 [🌐 Preprint] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text] [πŸŽ₯ Presentation] [GitHub logo Code]

    6. 2024
  6. Neural Network-based Nonlinearity Estimation of Voltage Source Inverter for Synchronous Machine Drives
    Yeongho Jeong, Seunghun Jang, Kyunghwan Choi*
    IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), pp. 1-5, 2024 [🌐 Online] [GitHub logo Code]
  7. Extended State Observer Based Stator Flux Linkage Estimation of Nonlinear Synchronous Machines
    Seunghun Jang, Bernd Pfeifer, Christoph M. Hackl, Kyunghwan Choi*
    IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), pp. 1-5, 2024 [🌐 Online] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text] [GitHub logo Code]
  8. Stack Degradation Protection of FCEVs via Predictive Energy Management Strategy with Segmented Roads
    Geunyoung Park, Kyunghwan Choi, Dongsuk Kum*
    American Control Conference (ACC), pp. 3643-3649, 2024 [🌐 Online]

    9. 2023
  9. Reinforcement Learning-Based Collision Avoidance of a Connected and Automated Vehicle at Merging Roads
    Minseok Seo, Seongjae Shin, Kyungjoong Kim, Kyunghwan Choi*
    International Workshop on Intelligent Systems (IWIS), pp. 1-5, 2023 [🌐 Online]
  10. A Comparative Study of Reinforcement Learning and Analytical Methods for Optimal Control
    Myeongseok Ryu, Junseo Ha, Minji Kim, Kyunghwan Choi*
    International Workshop on Intelligent Systems (IWIS), pp. 1-5, 2023 [🌐 Online] [πŸ’Ύ Cite]
  11. Model Predictive Torque Control of Synchronous Machines Without a Current or Stator Flux Reference Generator
    Kyunghwan Choi, Ki-Bum Park*
    IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), pp. 1-6, 2023 [🌐 Online]
  12. Stator Flux Linkage Estimation of Synchronous Machines Based on Integration Error Estimation for Improved Transient Performance
    Seunghun Jang, Kyunghwan Choi*
    IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), pp. 4197-4202, 2023 [🌐 Online] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text] [GitHub logo Code]

    13. 2022
  13. A Comparison of DPWM and Inverter Loss Energy Based FCS-MPC for IPMSM
    Jongseok Kim, Jiho Song, Kyunghwan Choi*, Ki-Bum Park*
    2022 IEEE 20th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (PEMC), pp. 943-948, 2022 [🌐 Online]

    14. 2020
  14. Proportional-Type Current Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Improved Transient Performance over a Wide Speed Range
    Kyunghwan Choi, Yonghun Kim, Seok-Kyoon Kim*, Kyung-Soo Kim*
    International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), pp. 60-63, 2020 [🌐 Online]

    15. 2019
  15. A Fast and Accurate Numerical Method for Optimal Torque Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
    Kyunghwan Choi, Yonghun Kim, Seok-Kyoon Kim*, Kyung-Soo Kim*
    International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), pp. 12-16, 2019 [🌐 Online]

    16. 2016
  16. Two-Channel Electrotactile Stimulation for Sensory Feedback of Fingers of Prosthesis
    Kyunghwan Choi, Pyungkang Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim*, Soohyun Kim
    IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 1133-1138, 2016 [🌐 Online]

Domestic Conference Papers


    2025
  1. Physics-Informed Online Learning for Stator Flux Linkage Estimation in Synchronous Machines
    λ™κΈ°μ „λ™κΈ°μ˜ μ‹€μ‹œκ°„ κ³ μ •μž μ‡„κ΅μžμ† 좔정을 μœ„ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬μ •λ³΄κΈ°λ°˜ ν•™μŠ΅
    Seunghun Jang, Kyunghwan Choi*
    μ œμ–΄λ‘œλ΄‡μ‹œμŠ€ν…œν•™νšŒ (ICROS), 2025 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  2. Online Reinforcement Learning for Optimal Tracking in Servo Positioning Systems
    온라인 κ°•ν™”ν•™μŠ΅ 기반 μ„œλ³΄ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 졜적 각도 μΆ”μ’… μ œμ–΄
    Hyochan Lee, Kyunghwan Choi*
    μ œμ–΄λ‘œλ΄‡μ‹œμŠ€ν…œν•™νšŒ (ICROS), 2025 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  3. State-wise Safety in Autonomous Driving via Lagrangian-based Constrained Reinforcement Learning
    λΌκ·Έλž‘μ§€μ•ˆ 기반 μ œμ•½ κ°•ν™” ν•™μŠ΅μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μžμœ¨μ£Όν–‰ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ μƒνƒœλ³„ μ•ˆμ •μ„± 보μž₯
    Minseok Seo, Kyunghwan Choi*
    ν•œκ΅­μžλ™μ°¨κ³΅ν•™νšŒ μΆ˜κ³„ν•™μˆ λŒ€νšŒ (KSAE), 2025

    4. 2024
  4. Using Deep Reinforcement Learning for Intelligent Gain Adjustment of a Disturbance Observer
    μ™Έλž€κ΄€μΈ‘κΈ°μ˜ μ‹¬μΈ΅κ°•ν™”ν•™μŠ΅ 기반 지λŠ₯ν˜• μžλ™ 동쑰 기법
    Hyochan Lee, Kyunghwan Choi*
    μ œμ–΄λ‘œλ΄‡μ‹œμŠ€ν…œν•™νšŒ (ICROS), pp. 292-293, 2024 [🌐 DBpia Online] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  5. Stator Flux Linkage Estimation of Nonlinear Synchronous Machines Based on the State Observer
    μƒνƒœ κ΄€μΈ‘κΈ° 기반 λΉ„μ„ ν˜• λ™κΈ°κΈ°μ˜ κ³ μ •μž μ‡„κ΅μžμ† μΆ”μ •
    Seunghun Jang, Kyunghwan Choi*
    μ œμ–΄λ‘œλ΄‡μ‹œμŠ€ν…œν•™νšŒ (ICROS), pp. 308-309, 2024 [🌐 DBpia Online] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  6. Neural Network-based Nonlinearity Estimation of Voltage Source Inverter for Synchronous Machine Drives
    동기전동기 κ΅¬λ™μš© 전압원 μΈλ²„ν„°μ˜ 인곡 신경망 기반 λΉ„μ„ ν˜•μ„± μΆ”μ •
    Yeongho Jeong, Kyunghwan Choi*
    μ œμ–΄λ‘œλ΄‡μ‹œμŠ€ν…œν•™νšŒ (ICROS), pp. 312-313, 2024 [🌐 DBpia Online] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  7. Approximation-based Steering Controller with Deep Neural Network
    심측신경망 κ·Όμ‚¬κΈ°λ°˜ μ‘°ν–₯ μ œμ–΄κΈ°
    Myeongseok Ryu, Kyunghwan Choi*
    μ œμ–΄λ‘œλ΄‡μ‹œμŠ€ν…œν•™νšŒ (ICROS), pp. 884-885, 2024 [🌐 DBpia Online] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]

    8. 2023
  8. Path Control of a Connected and Automated Vehicle at Intersections and Merging Zones Using Attention Mechanism-Based Reinforcement Learning
    μ–΄ν…μ…˜ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜ 기반 κ°•ν™”ν•™μŠ΅μ„ ν™œμš©ν•œ ꡐ차둜 및 ν•©λ₯˜ κ΅¬κ°„μ—μ„œμ˜ 컀λ„₯ν‹°λ“œ μžμœ¨μ£Όν–‰μ°¨ 경둜 μ œμ–΄
    Minseok Seo, Kyunghwan Choi*
    ν•œκ΅­μžλ™μ°¨κ³΅ν•™νšŒ μΆ”κ³„ν•™μˆ λŒ€νšŒ (KSAE), pp. 725, 2023 [🌐 DBpia Online]
  9. Integrated Motion Control of Four in-Wheel Motor Actuated Vehicles Considering Path Tracking, Ride Comfort, and Energy Efficiency
    경둜 μΆ”μ’…, 동적 승차감, 그리고 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ νš¨μœ¨μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ μ „λ₯œ 인휠λͺ¨ν„° μžλ™μ°¨μ˜ 톡합 μš΄λ™ μ œμ–΄
    Myeongseok Ryu, Kyunghwan Choi*
    ν•œκ΅­μžλ™μ°¨κ³΅ν•™νšŒ μΆ”κ³„ν•™μˆ λŒ€νšŒ (KSAE), pp. 490, 2023 [🌐 DBpia Online]
  10. Sator Flux Linkage Estimation Method of Synchronous Machines Based on Integration Error Estimation
    적뢄 였차 μΆ”μ • 기반 동기 μ „λ™κΈ°μ˜ 쇄ꡐ μžμ† μΆ”μ • 기법
    Seunghun Jang, Kyunghwan Choi*
    μ œμ–΄λ‘œλ΄‡μ‹œμŠ€ν…œν•™νšŒ (ICROS), pp. 177-178, 2023 [🌐 DBpia Online] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  11. Data-driven Modeling of Model Residuals for Linear Model Predictive Control of Nonlinear Systems
    λΉ„μ„ ν˜• μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ μ„ ν˜•λͺ¨λΈμ˜ˆμΈ‘μ œμ–΄λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 데이터 기반 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μž”μ°¨ λͺ¨λΈλ§
    Myeongseok Ryu, Kyunghwan Choi*
    μ œμ–΄λ‘œλ΄‡μ‹œμŠ€ν…œν•™νšŒ (ICROS), pp. 837-838, 2023 [🌐 DBpia Online] [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
      πŸ“„ Awarded Best Paper Award at the 2023 Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems (ICROS) Conference.

Master's Theses


    2025
  1. State-wise Safety in Autonomous Driving via Lagrangian-based Constrained Reinforcement Learning
    Minseok Seo, Kyunghwan Choi*
    Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Library, 2025 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]
  2. Constrained Optimization-Based Neuro-Adaptive Control (CoNAC) for Euler-Lagrange Systems
    Myeongseok Ryu, Kyunghwan Choi*
    Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Library, 2025 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]

    3. 2024
  3. Online Stator Flux Linkage Estimation of Synchronous Machines
    Seunghun Jang, Kyunghwan Choi*
    Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Library, 2024 [πŸ“ƒ Full-Text]

Preprints


    2024
  1. CNN-based End-to-End Adaptive Controller with Stability Guarantees
    Myeongseok Ryu, Kyunghwan Choi*
    Arxiv, 2024 [🌐 Preprint Online] [πŸ“ƒ Preprint Full-Text]
  2. A Lyapunov-Based Approach to Nonlinear Programming and Its Application to Nonlinear Model Predictive Torque Control
    Kyunghwan Choi, Christoph M. Hackl*
    Techrxiv, 2024 [🌐 Preprint Online] [πŸ“ƒ Preprint Full-Text]

International Patents - Registered

  1. K.-S. Kim, K. Choi, and I. G. Jang, β€œMethod and apparatus for controlling power of hybrid vehicle considering driving environment,” U.S. Patent 12,097,840, Sep. 24, 2024.
  2. K.-S. Kim, K. Choi, and S.-K. Kim, β€œMethod and apparatus for real-time estimation of full parameters of permanent magnet synchronous motor,” U.S. Patent 11,614,488, Mar. 28, 2023.
  3. I. G. Jang, D. Kum, K.-S. Kim, K. Jang, C. Lee, J. H. Kim, K. Choi, and M. Kim, β€œApparatus and method for operating accessories of vehicle during engine stop using one-way clutch pulley,” U.S. Patent 11,607,944, Mar. 21, 2023.

International Patents - Pending

  1. K.-S. Kim, K. Choi, and I. G. Jang, β€œMethod and apparatus for controlling power of hybrid vehicle considering transient characteristics,” U.S. Patent Application 18/648,697, Apr. 29, 2024, pending.

Domestic Patents - Registered

  1. κΉ€κ²½μˆ˜, μ΅œκ²½ν™˜, μž₯인ꢌ, β€œν•˜μ΄λΈŒλ¦¬λ“œ μ°¨λŸ‰μ˜ κ³Όλ„νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ 동λ ₯μ œμ–΄ 방법 및 μž₯치,” λŒ€ν•œλ―Όκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆ 10-2701529, 2024.8.28.
  2. κΉ€κ²½μˆ˜, μ΅œκ²½ν™˜, μž₯인ꢌ, β€œν•˜μ΄λΈŒλ¦¬λ“œ μ°¨λŸ‰μ˜ μ£Όν–‰ν™˜κ²½μ„ κ³ λ €ν•œ 동λ ₯μ œμ–΄ 방법 및 μž₯치,” λŒ€ν•œλ―Όκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆ 10-2508409, 2023.3.6.
  3. κΉ€κ²½μˆ˜, μ΅œκ²½ν™˜, 김석균, β€œμ˜κ΅¬μžμ„λ™κΈ°λͺ¨ν„° 전체 νŒŒλΌλ―Έν„°μ˜ μ‹€μ‹œκ°„ μΆ”μ • 방법 및 μž₯치,” λŒ€ν•œλ―Όκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆ 10-2437244, 2022.8.24.
  4. μž₯인ꢌ, κΈˆλ™μ„, κΉ€κ²½μˆ˜, μž₯κΈ°νƒœ, 이창우, κΉ€μ’…ν˜Έ, μ΅œκ²½ν™˜, κΉ€λ―ΌκΈ°, β€œμ›μ›¨μ΄ 클러치 풀리λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 엔진 정지 μ‹œ μ°¨λŸ‰ λΆ€κ°€μž₯치의 ꡬ동 μž₯치 및 방법,” λŒ€ν•œλ―Όκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆ 10-2053538, 2019.12.2.
  5. κΉ€κ²½μˆ˜, μž„λ―Έλ¦Ό, μ΅œκ²½ν™˜, κΈˆλ™μ„, β€œμœ μ„±κΈ°μ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μ „κΈ°ν™” μˆ˜λ™λ³€μ†κΈ° 기반 ν•˜μ΄λΈŒλ¦¬λ“œ νŒŒμ›ŒνŠΈλ ˆμΈ μ œμ–΄ 방법,” λŒ€ν•œλ―Όκ΅­ νŠΉν—ˆ 10-2044210, 2019.11.7.